ETRA 2010 Proceedings now online

The proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research Applications 2010, Austin, Texas March 22 - 24, 2010 is now online. Some kind soul (MrGaze?) decided to do the world a favor by uploading and keyword-tagging the papers onto the Slideshare website which is indexed by Google and other search engines. The wealth of information ensures days of interesting reading, several short papers and posters would have been interesting to hear a talk on, but as always time is short.

Paper Acceptance Rate: 18.00 of 58.00 submissions, 31% Conference chair Carlos Hitoshi Morimoto University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Howell Istance De Montfort University, UK Program chairs Aulikki Hyrskykari University of Tampere, Finland Qiang Ji Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Table of Contents

Front matter (cover, title page, table of content, preface)

Back matter (committees and reviewers, industrial supporters, cover image credits, author index)

SESSION: Keynote address
					An eye on input: research challenges in using the eye for computer input control I. Scott MacKenzie Pdf (1.52 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract

SESSION: Long papers 1 -- Advances in eye tracking technology
		Homography normalization for robust gaze estimation in uncalibrated setups Dan Witzner Hansen, Javier San Agustin, Arantxa Villanueva Pdf(942 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
		Head-mounted eye-tracking of infants' natural interactions: a new method John M. Franchak, Kari S. Kretch, Kasey C. Soska, Jason S. Babcock, Karen E. Adolph (awarded best paper) Pdf (3.68 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
		User-calibration-free remote gaze estimation system Dmitri Model, Moshe Eizenman Pdf (452 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references

SESSION: Short papers 1 -- Eye tracking applications and data analysis
		Eye movement as an interaction mechanism for relevance feedback in a content-based image retrieval system Yun Zhang, Hong Fu, Zhen Liang, Zheru Chi, Dagan Feng Pdf (1.20 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Content-based image retrieval using a combination of visual features and eye tracking data Zhen Liang, Hong Fu, Yun Zhang, Zheru Chi, Dagan Feng Pdf(877 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Gaze scribing in physics problem solving David Rosengrant Pdf (268 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Have you seen any of these men?: looking at whether eyewitnesses use scanpaths to recognize suspects in photo lineups Sheree Josephson, Michael E. Holmes Pdf (660 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
		Estimation of viewer's response for contextual understanding of tasks using features of eye-movements Minoru Nakayama, Yuko Hayashi Pdf(152 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Biometric identification via an oculomotor plant mathematical model Oleg V. Komogortsev, Sampath Jayarathna, Cecilia R. Aragon, Mechehoul Mahmoud Pdf (301 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms

POSTER SESSION: Short papers 2 -- Poster presentations
				Saliency-based decision support Roxanne L. Canosa Pdf (177 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Qualitative and quantitative scoring and evaluation of the eye movement classification algorithms Oleg V. Komogortsev, Sampath Jayarathna, Do Hyong Koh, Sandeep Munikrishne Gowda Pdf (383 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				An interactive interface for remote administration of clinical tests based on eye tracking A. Faro, D. Giordano, C. Spampinato, D. De Tommaso, S. Ullo Pdf (769 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Visual attention for implicit relevance feedback in a content based image retrieval A. Faro, D. Giordano, C. Pino, C. Spampinato Pdf (4.98 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Evaluation of a low-cost open-source gaze tracker Javier San Agustin, Henrik Skovsgaard, Emilie Mollenbach, Maria Barret, Martin Tall, Dan Witzner Hansen, John Paulin Hansen Pdf (287 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				An open source eye-gaze interface: expanding the adoption of eye-gaze in everyday applications Craig Hennessey, Andrew T. Duchowski Pdf(390 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Using eye tracking to investigate important cues for representative creature motion Meredith McLendon, Ann McNamara, Tim McLaughlin, Ravindra Dwivedi Pdf (661 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Eye and pointer coordination in search and selection tasks Hans-Joachim Bieg, Lewis L. Chuang, Roland W. Fleming, Harald Reiterer, Heinrich H. Bülthoff Pdf(934 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Pies with EYEs: the limits of hierarchical pie menus in gaze control Mario H. Urbina, Maike Lorenz, Anke Huckauf Pdf (957 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Measuring vergence over stereoscopic video with a remote eye tracker Brian C. Daugherty, Andrew T. Duchowski, Donald H. House, Celambarasan Ramasamy Pdf (1.78 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Group-wise similarity and classification of aggregate scanpaths Thomas Grindinger, Andrew T. Duchowski, Michael Sawyer Pdf (2.82 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Inferring object relevance from gaze in dynamic scenes Melih Kandemir, Veli-Matti Saarinen, Samuel Kaski Pdf (240 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Advanced gaze visualizations for three-dimensional virtual environments Sophie Stellmach, Lennart Nacke, Raimund Dachselt Pdf (7.33 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				The use of eye tracking for PC energy management Vasily G. Moshnyaga Pdf (413 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Low-latency combined eye and head tracking system for teleoperating a robotic head in real-time Stefan Kohlbecher, Klaus Bartl, Stanislavs Bardins, Erich Schneider Pdf (326 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Visual search in the (un)real world: how head-mounted displays affect eye movements, head movements and target detection Tobit Kollenberg, Alexander Neumann, Dorothe Schneider, Tessa-Karina Tews, Thomas Hermann, Helge Ritter, Angelika Dierker, Hendrik Koesling Pdf (479 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Visual span and other parameters for the generation of heatmaps Pieter Blignaut Pdf (1.01 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Robust optical eye detection during head movement Jeffrey B. Mulligan, Kevin N. Gabayan Pdf (325 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				What you see is where you go: testing a gaze-driven power wheelchair for individuals with severe multiple disabilities Erik Wästlund, Kay Sponseller, Ola Pettersson Pdf (611 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				A depth compensation method for cross-ratio based eye tracking Flavio L. Coutinho, Carlos H. Morimoto Pdf (311 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Estimating cognitive load using remote eye tracking in a driving simulator Oskar Palinko, Andrew L. Kun, Alexander Shyrokov, Peter Heeman Pdf (402 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Small-target selection with gaze alone Henrik Skovsgaard, Julio C. Mateo, John M. Flach, John Paulin Hansen Pdf (274 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Measuring situation awareness of surgeons in laparoscopic training Geoffrey Tien, M. Stella Atkins, Bin Zheng, Colin Swindells Pdf (810 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Quantification of aesthetic viewing using eye-tracking technology: the influence of previous training in apparel design Juyeon Park, Emily Woods, Marilyn DeLong Pdf (3.98 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Estimating 3D point-of-regard and visualizing gaze trajectories under natural head movements Kentaro Takemura, Yuji Kohashi, Tsuyoshi Suenaga, Jun Takamatsu, Tsukasa Ogasawara Pdf (443 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Natural scene statistics at stereo fixations Yang Liu, Lawrence K. Cormack, Alan C. Bovik Pdf (250 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Development of eye-tracking pen display based on stereo bright pupil technique Michiya Yamamoto, Takashi Nagamatsu, Tomio Watanabe Pdf (988 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Pupil center detection in low resolution images Detlev Droege, Dietrich Paulus Pdf (499 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Using vision and voice to create a multimodal interface for Microsoft Word 2007 T. R. Beelders, P. J. Blignaut Pdf (237 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Single gaze gestures Emilie Møllenbach, Martin Lillholm, Alastair Gail, John Paulin Hansen Pdf (279 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Learning relevant eye movement feature spaces across users Zakria Hussain, Kitsuchart Pasupa, John Shawe-Taylor Pdf (788 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Towards task-independent person authentication using eye movement signals Tomi Kinnunen, Filip Sedlak, Roman Bednarik Pdf (373 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Gaze-based web search: the impact of interface design on search result selection Yvonne Kammerer, Wolfgang Beinhauer Pdf (347 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
				Eye tracking with the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope Scott B. Stevenson, Austin Roorda, Girish Kumar Pdf (1.35 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
				Listing's and Donders' laws and the estimation of the point-of-gaze Elias D. Guestrin, Moshe Eizenman Pdf(304 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references

SESSION: Long papers 2 -- Scanpath representation and comparison methods
		Visual scanpath representation Joseph H. Goldberg, Jonathan I. Helfman Pdf (1.68 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		A vector-based, multidimensional scanpath similarity measure Halszka Jarodzka, Kenneth Holmqvist, Marcus Nyström Pdf (425 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Scanpath comparison revisited Andrew T. Duchowski, Jason Driver, Sheriff Jolaoso, William Tan, Beverly N. Ramey, Ami Robbins Pdf (1.34 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms

SESSION: Long papers 3 -- Analysis and interpretation of eye movements
		Scanpath clustering and aggregation Joseph H. Goldberg, Jonathan I. Helfman Pdf (636 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Match-moving for area-based analysis of eye movements in natural tasks Wayne J. Ryan, Andrew T. Duchowski, Ellen A. Vincent, Dina Battisto Pdf (10.41 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Interpretation of geometric shapes: an eye movement study Miquel Prats, Steve Garner, Iestyn Jowers, Alison McKay, Nieves Pedreira Pdf (1.73 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms

SESSION: Short papers 3 -- Advances in eye tracking technology
		User-calibration-free gaze tracking with estimation of the horizontal angles between the visual and the optical axes of both eyes Takashi Nagamatsu, Ryuichi Sugano, Yukina Iwamoto, Junzo Kamahara, Naoki Tanaka Pdf (573 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Gaze estimation method based on an aspherical model of the cornea: surface of revolution about the optical axis of the eye Takashi Nagamatsu, Yukina Iwamoto, Junzo Kamahara, Naoki Tanaka, Michiya Yamamoto Pdf (269 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		The pupillometric precision of a remote video eye tracker Jeff Klingner Pdf (3.80 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Contingency evaluation of gaze-contingent displays for real-time visual field simulations Margarita Vinnikov, Robert S. Allison Pdf (226 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
		SemantiCode: using content similarity and database-driven matching to code wearable eyetracker gaze data Daniel F. Pontillo, Thomas B. Kinsman, Jeff B. Pelz Pages: 267-270 Pdf (2.34 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references
		Context switching for fast key selection in text entry applications Carlos H. Morimoto, Arnon Amir Pages: 271-274 Pdf (1.24 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms

SESSION: Long papers 4 -- Analysis and understanding of visual tasks
		Fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging Jeff Klingner Pdf (935 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Understanding the benefits of gaze enhanced visual search Pernilla Qvarfordt, Jacob T. Biehl, Gene Golovchinsky, Tony Dunningan Pages: 283-290 Pdf (694 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Image ranking with implicit feedback from eye movements David R. Hardoon, Kitsuchart Pasupa Pdf (409 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms

SESSION: Long papers 5 -- Gaze interfaces and interactions
		How the interface design influences users' spontaneous trustworthiness evaluations of web search results: comparing a list and a grid interface Yvonne Kammerer, Peter Gerjets Pdf (349 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Space-variant spatio-temporal filtering of video for gaze visualization and perceptual learning Michael Dorr, Halszka Jarodzka, Erhardt Barth Pdf (188 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		Alternatives to single character entry and dwell time selection on eye typing Mario H. Urbina, Anke Huckauf Pdf (802 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms

SESSION: Long papers 6 -- Eye tracking and accessibility
		Designing gaze gestures for gaming: an investigation of performance Howell Istance, Aulikki Hyrskykari, Lauri Immonen, Santtu Mansikkamaa, Stephen Vickers Pdf (760 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		ceCursor, a contextual eye cursor for general pointing in windows environments Marco Porta, Alice Ravarelli, Giovanni Spagnoli Pdf (884 KB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms
		BlinkWrite2: an improved text entry method using eye blinks Behrooz Ashtiani, I. Scott MacKenzie Pdf (1.50 MB). View online. Additional Information: full citation, abstract, references, index terms

In the Eye of the Beholder: A Survey of Models for Eyes and Gaze (Hansen&Ji, 2010)

The following paper by Dan Witzner Hansen from ITU Copenhagen and Qiang Ji of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute surveys and summarizes most existing methods of eye tracking and explains how they operate and what the pros/cons of each methods are. It is one of the most comprehensive publication I've seen on the topic and a delight to read. It was featured in the March edition of IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

Abstract
"Despite active research and significant progress in the last 30 years, eye detection and tracking remains challenging due to the individuality of eyes, occlusion, variability in scale, location, and light conditions. Data on eye location and details of eye movements have numerous applications and are essential in face detection, biometric identification, and particular human-computer interaction tasks. This paper reviews current progress and state of the art in video-based eye detection and tracking in order to identify promising techniques as well as issues to be further addressed. We present a detailed review of recent eye models and techniques for eye detection and tracking. We also survey methods for gaze estimation and compare them based on their geometric properties and reported accuracies. This review shows that, despite their apparent simplicity, the development of a general eye detection technique involves addressing many challenges, requires further theoretical developments, and is consequently of interest to many other domains problems in computer vision and beyond."

Comparison of gaze estimation methods with respective prerequisites and reported accuracies

Eye Detection models

• Dan Witzner Hansen, Qiang Ji, "In the Eye of the Beholder: A Survey of Models for Eyes and Gaze," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 478-500, Jan. 2010, doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2009.30. Download as PDF.

GM Automotive heads-up display

General Motors today presents a new automotive heads up display system that has been developed in conjunction with Carnegie Mellon and the University of Southern California. It employs a number of sensors that coupled with object and pattern recognition could assist the driver by projecting information directly onto the windshield. For example the system could assist in navigation by highlighting road signs and emphasis the lanes/edges of the road in difficult driving conditions (rain, snow, fog). Inside the car the system uses an eye tracking solution provided by Swedish firm Smart Eye. Their Smart Eye Pro 5.4 employs several cameras (three in the demonstration, max 6) and infrared illumination to provide 6 degrees of freedom head tracking and 2D eye tracking, both with a (reported) 0.5 degree accuracy. The firm reports that the system provides "immunity to difficult light conditions, including darkness and rapidly varying sunlight" however to what extent this is true for direct facial sunlight remains to be seen. However, over time technical issues are to be overcome, its exciting to see that eye tracking is considered for everyday applications (in a not so distant future). They are not the only ones working on this right now.




Sources:
GM Media "GM Reimagines Head-Up Display Technology"
Engadget.com "GM shows off sensor-laden windshield, new heads-up display prototype"
TG Daily "GM develops HUD system for vehicle windshields"